Análise da influência de determinantes meteorológicos na periodicidade de epidemias de dengue em Porto Alegre / Analysis of the influence of meteorological determinants on the periodicity of dengue epidemics in Porto Alegre

A incidência da dengue, doença viral transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, vem crescendo em Porto Alegre ao longo dos anos, com recorde de casos registrados em 2022. Epidemias da doença parecem ocorrer de forma cíclica no município, com registros a cada três anos. Dada a influência de fatores climáticos no ciclo de vida do vetor, este trabalho buscou analisar a influência de determinantes meteorológicos na periodicidade de epidemias de dengue na capital gaúcha entre 2010 e 2022. Análises descritivas foram realizadas para averiguar o padrão dos indicadores climáticos e dos casos de dengue ao longo dos anos, ao passo que análises estatísticas foram feitas para avaliar a correlação entre os fatores climáticos e os casos autóctones registrados entre 2016 e 2022. Os resultados obtidos não apontaram padrões meteorológicos que se repetem a cada três anos e que poderiam explicar a ciclicidade observada. Ainda, não foram constatadas correlações entre temperatura, umidade e pluviosidade com casos autóctones de dengue no município, ao menos em nível quadrimestral. Para além destas análises, constatou-se expressivo aumento de casos em 2022, apesar dos esforços de controle desempenhados pelo poder público, o que aponta a necessidade de maior investimento em educação em saúde para a população. (AU)

The incidence of dengue, a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, has been increasing in Porto Alegre over the years, with a record number of cases reported in 2022. Epidemics of the disease seem to occur cyclically in the city, with reports every three years. Given the influence of climatic factors on the vector's life cycle, this study aimed to analyze the influence of meteorological determinants on the periodicity of dengue epidemics in Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2022. Descriptive analyses were used to investigate the pattern of climatic indicators and dengue cases over the years, while statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between climatic factors and autochthonous cases registered between 2016 and 2022. The results did not point out meteorological patterns that repeat every three years and could explain the observed cyclicity. Furthermore, no correlations were found between temperature, humidity and rainfall and autochthonous dengue cases in the city, at least on a four-monthly basis. Beyond these analyses, a significant increase in dengue cases was observed in 2022, despite the efforts of the public authorities to control the disease, which highlights the need for greater investment in health education for the population. (AU)

Relação entre temperatura do ar e incidência de dengue: estudo de séries temporais em Minas Gerais, Brasil (2010-2019) / Relationship between air temperature and dengue incidence: time series study in Minas Gerais, Brazil (2010-2019) / Relación entre la temperatura del aire y la incidencia del dengue: estudio de series temporales en Minas Gerais, Brasil (2010-2019)

Resumo A temperatura do ar é um fator climático que afeta a incidência da dengue, com efeitos variando conforme o tempo e o espaço. Investigamos a relação entre a temperatura mínima do ar e a incidência da doença em Minas Gerais, Brasil, e avaliamos a influência de variáveis socioeconômicas e geográficas nessa relação, calculando-se o risco relativo (RR). Este é um estudo de série temporal com análise conduzida em três etapas distintas: modelagem por uso de distributed lag non-linear model (modelos não-lineares distributivos com defasagem), metanálise dos modelos obtidos e metarregressão com dados geográficos e socioeconômicos. A temperatura mínima foi um fator de proteção quando em temperaturas frias extremas (RR = 0,65; IC95%: 0,56-0,76) e moderadas (RR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,64-0,79) e fator de risco em temperaturas de calor moderado (RR = 1,15; IC95%: 1,07-1,24), mas não em extremo (RR = 1,1; IC95%: 0,99-1,22). A heterogeneidade dos modelos foi elevada (I2 = 60%) e essa medida não foi alterada em metarregressão. Temperaturas frias moderadas e extremas causam efeito protetivo, enquanto moderadas quentes aumentam o risco. No entanto, a temperatura mínima do ar não explica nem a variabilidade da região, nem mesmo com as outras variáveis em metarregressão.

Abstract Air temperature is a climatic factor that affects the incidence of dengue, with effects varying according to time and space. We investigated the relationship between minimum air temperature and dengue incidence in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and evaluated the influence of socioeconomic and geographic variables on this relationship. This is a time series study with analysis conducted in three distinct stages: modeling using a distributed lag non-linear model, meta-analysis of models obtained, and meta-regression with geographic and socioeconomic data. Minimum temperature was a protective factor at extreme cold temperatures (RR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.56-0.76) and moderate cold temperatures (RR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.64-0.79), and a risk factor at moderate hot temperatures (RR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.07-1.24), but not at extreme hot temperatures (RR = 1.1; 95%CI: 0.99-1.22). Heterogeneity of the models was high (I2 = 60%), which was also observed in meta-regression. Moderate and extreme cold temperatures have a protective effect, while moderate hot temperatures increase the risk. However, minimum air temperature does not explain the variability in the region, not even with the other variables in meta-regression.

Resumen La temperatura del aire es un factor climático que afecta la incidencia del dengue, con efectos que varían según el tiempo y el territorio. Investigamos la relación entre la temperatura mínima del aire y la incidencia de la enfermedad en Minas Gerais, Brasil, y evaluamos la influencia de variables socioeconómicas y geográficas en esta relación. Se trata de un estudio de serie temporal cuyo análisis se realiza en tres etapas distintas: modelación mediante el uso de distributed lag non-linear model (modelos distributivos no lineales con retraso), metaanálisis de los modelos obtenidos y metarregresión con datos geográficos y socioeconómicos. La temperatura mínima fue un factor de protección ante temperaturas extremadamente frías (RR = 0,65; IC95%: 0,56-0,76) y moderadas (RR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,64-0,79) y factor de riesgo en temperaturas de calor moderado (RR = 1,15; IC95%: 1,07-1,24), pero no en extremo (RR = 1,1; IC95%: 0,99-1,22). La heterogeneidad de los modelos fue alta (I2 = 60%), y esta medida no se modificó en la metarregresión. Las temperaturas frías moderadas y extremas tienen un efecto protector, mientras que las temperaturas moderadamente altas aumentan el riesgo. Sin embargo, la temperatura mínima del aire no explica la variabilidad de la región, ni siquiera con las demás variables en metarregresión.

Teleworking Components and Scientific Productivity in Spanish ERC-Granted Teams: The Mediating Role of Climate and Well-Being / [Los componentes del teletrabajo y la productividad científica en los equipos españoles financiados por el ERC: el papel mediador del clima y el bienestar]

The practice of teleworking is being consistently and unprecedently used across multiple work sectors, including the research one, yet the direct and mediated links of specific telework designs with productivity are unclear, and analyses at multiple levels missing. Accordingly, this study aims at exploring the mediating role of the climate for well-being and well-being outcomes in the relationship between multiple components of teleworking and scientific productivity, both at the individual and team level. Data were collected from 358 members of 48 Spanish European Research Council (ERC)-granted teams. Analyses were conducted both at the individual and team level, after checking for the relevant aggregation indexes. Telework components of quantity, frequency, flexibility, and voluntariness were found to have direct and mediated significant relationships with scientific productivity, confirming the need to investigate telework with a closer focus on how it is designed and implemented in the different teams. Specifically, climate for well-being, eudaimonic well-being, and negative emotions were found to play a relevant role in mediating the relationship between some telework components (i.e., telework flexibility and voluntariness) and scientific productivity. Also, telework quantity and frequency were found to have, respectively, positive and negative relationship with scientific productivity. Practical and theoretical implications are further discussed in the article.(AU)

La práctica del teletrabajo se está utilizando de manera consistente y sin precedentes en múltiples sectores laborales, también en el de la investigación. No obstante, todavía quedan cuestiones que dilucidar sobre la relación entre aspectos específicos del diseño del teletrabajo y la productividad, así como los posibles mecanismos mediadores entre ambos a distintos niveles de análisis (individual, equipo). El trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar el papel mediador del clima para el bienestar y sus consecuencias en la relación entre múltiples componentes del teletrabajo y la productividad científica, tanto a nivel individual como de equipo. Se han recogido datos de 358 miembros de 48 equipos españoles subvencionados por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación (ERC). Los análisis se han realizado a ambos niveles tras comprobar los índices de agregación pertinentes. Cuatro componentes del teletrabajo (intensidad, frecuencia, flexibilidad y voluntariedad) presentaban relaciones significativas, directas e indirectas, con la productividad científica, confirmando la necesidad de investigar cómo se diseña e implementa en los equipos el teletrabajo. Se ha visto que el clima para el bienestar, el bienestar eudaimónico y las emociones negativas mediaban la relación entre algunos componentes del teletrabajo (la flexibilidad y la voluntariedad del teletrabajo) y la productividad científica. Además, la intensidad y la frecuencia del teletrabajo tenían, respectivamente, una relación positiva y negativa con la productividad científica. Las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas se analizan con más detalle en el artículo.(AU)

Clima ético egoísta y el teletrabajo en el sector eléctrico colombiano. El papel moderador del liderazgo ético

El sector eléctrico colombiano ha impulsado políticas organizacionales fundamentadas en la inclusión y el bienestar de la sociedad en general, que pretenden trasladarse al teletrabajo a través de un estilo de liderazgo ético. Sin embargo, el egoísmo -que se caracteriza por maximizar el interés propio como base de razonamiento moral-, es un factor subyacente que puede deteriorar cualquier iniciativa que busque un equilibrio institucional justo e íntegro, mediante un clima ético donde las decisiones descuiden las necesidades colectivas. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la relación entre un clima laboral egoísta y el teletrabajo, a través del rol moderador de liderazgo ético. El estudio aplicó un diseño cuantitativo, transversal y correlacional explicativo. La muestra fue de 448 empleados evaluados por una encuesta en línea. Se encontró que el clima ético egoísta (X) y el liderazgo ético (W) se asocian significativamente con el teletrabajo (Y). Sin embargo, cuando el liderazgo ético regula la relación entre las variables independiente y dependiente (6X - Y/W), se hace visible que a mayor percepción de una dirección ética más débil se torna el efecto del clima egoísta sobre el teletrabajo hasta desaparecer. En conclusión, el sector eléctrico colombiano, por su enfoque en la responsabilidad social y erradicación de conductas deshonestas mediante un liderazgo ético, no es compatible con un clima laboral egoísta. De hecho, el impulsar una cultura de trabajo, a través del interés propio, neutraliza todo el esfuerzo ético propuesto por el sector eléctrico colombiano en los últimos siete años, puesto que su finalidad ha sido propender por iniciativas sociales e inclusivas.

The Colombian electricity sector promotes organizational policies based on the inclusion and well-being of society in general, which also intend to transfer to teleworking through an ethical leadership style. However, the selfishness that is characterized by maximizing self-interest as the basis of moral reasoning is an underlying factor that can deteriorate any initiative that seeks a fair and comprehensive institutional balance through an ethical climate where decisions neglect collective needs. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine the relationship between a selfish climate and teleworking through the moderating role of ethical leadership. The study applies a quantitative, cross-sectional, explanatory correlational design. The sample is 448 employees who are evaluated with an online survey. The selfish ethical climate (X) and ethical leadership (W) are significantly associated with telecommuting (Y). However, when ethical leadership regulates the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (6X - Y/W) it becomes visible that the greater the perception of a weaker ethical leadership, the effect of the selfish climate on telework becomes until it disappears. The Colombian electricity sector, due to its focus on social responsibility and on eradicating dishonest conduct through ethical leadership, is not compatible with a selfish climate. In fact, promoting only individual interests in virtual work environments would nullify all the ethical effort proposed by the sector in question in the last seven years. Since its purpose has been to promote social and inclusive initiatives.

Clima laboral: percepción del personal de Enfermería y las oportunidades de mejora / Work environment: perception of nursing staffand opportunities for improvement

La presente investigación pretende analizar la percepción del personal de enfermería sobre el clima laboral que vivencia; se identificarán las oportunidades de mejoras por medio de su autogestión de capacidades y se pondrán en práctica las acciones que serán evaluadas para determinar el impacto que produjeron. Material y método: se llevó a cabo un estudio aplicando el modelo de investigación acción participativa con el personal de enfermería del internado general del Sanatorio Allende en el año 2022; para la recolección inicial de datos se suministró una encuesta digital que valoraba la opinión personal sobre el clima laboral que percibe. Se realizó con el equipo completo de enfermeras del internado general del turno de la mañana el cual esta compuesto por 15 enfermeras; debido al número de integrantes no se realizará una muestra, sino que todas estarán contempladas. El proceso constó de cinco etapas: acercamiento y sensibilización, inducción, interacción, implementación, y sistematización. Resultados: se presenta una síntesis de los resultados más destacados en cada etapa: el origen de la situación planteada, revisión de la bibliografía, las acciones para lograr el acercamiento, los argumentos usados en la sensibilización, las herramientas para la inducción, el logro de la interacción y como se aplicaron las oportunidades de mejoras por medio de una sistematización. Conclusiones: la investigación acción participativa permitió a los profesionales determinar cual es su percepción actual de su ambiente laboral, individualmente construyeron probables soluciones a obstáculos en el trabajo en equipo que se podrán poner en práctica colectivamente y de este modo poder reevaluar en el futuro si es necesario conservar o modificar acciones ya que son autoras y partícipes de las acciones de mejora[AU]

This research aims to analyze the perception of nursing staff about the work environment they experience, opportunities for improvement will be identified through self-management of capacities and actions will be put into practice that will be evaluated to determine the impact they produced. Material and method: a study was carried out applying the participatory action research model with the nursing staff of the general boarding school of Sanatorio Allende in the year 2022. For the initial data collection, a digital survey was provided that assessed the personal opinion on the perceived work environment. It is carried out with the complete team of nurses from the general internship, which is made up of 15 nurses. Due to the number of members, a sample will not be made, but all will be contemplated. The process consisted of five stages: approach and awareness, induction, interaction, implementation, and systematization. Results: a synthesis of the most outstanding results in each stage is presented: the origin of the situation raised, review of the biblio-graphy, the actions to achieve rapprochement, the arguments used in raising awareness, the tools for induction, the achievement of the interaction and how the improvement opportunities were applied through a systematization. Conclusions: participatory action research allowed professionals to determine what their current perception of their work environment is, individually they built possible solutions to obstacles in teamwork that could be put into practice collectively and thus be able to reassess in the future if it is It is necessary to pre-serve or modify actions since they are authors and participate in the improvement actions.Palabra chave: ambiente de trabalho, enfermagem, percepção, pesqui-sa-ação participativa, pesquisa participativa baseada na comunidade[AU]

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivos analisar a percepção dos trabalhadores de enfermagem sobre o ambiente de trabalho que vivenciam. Serão identificadas oportunidades de melhorias através da autogestão de capacidades e serão colocadas em prática ações que serão avaliadas para determinar o impacto que produziram. Material e método: foi realizado um estudo aplicando o mode-lo de pesquisa-ação participativa com a equipe de enfermagem do internato geral do Sanatório Allende em 2022. Para a coleta ini-cial de dados, foi disponibilizada uma pesquisa digital que avaliou a opinião pessoal sobre o ambiente de trabalho que percebem. Foi realizado com toda a equipe de enfermeiros do internato geral do turno matutino, que é composta por 15 enfermeiros. Devido ao número de associados, não será realizada amostra, mas todas serão incluídas. O processo consistiu em cinco etapas: abordagem e sensibilização, indução, interação, implementação e sistemati-zação. Resultados: é apresentada uma síntese dos resultados mais notáveis em cada etapa: a origem da situação levantada, revisão da literatura, ações para alcançar a reaproximação, argumentos utili-zados na sensibilização, ferramentas para indução, concretização da interação e como as oportunidades para melhorias foram apli-cadas por meio de sistematização. Conclusões: a pesquisa-ação participativa permitiu aos profissionais determinar sua percepção atual sobre seu ambiente de trabalho, individualmente construí-ram prováveis soluções para os obstáculos no trabalho em equipe que poderiam ser colocadas em prática coletivamente e assim po-der reavaliar no futuro se é necessário preservar ou modificar ações já que são autores e participantes das ações de melhoria.is presented: the origin of the situation raised, review of the biblio-graphy, the actions to achieve rapprochement, the arguments used in raising awareness, the tools for induction, the achievement of the interaction and how the improvement opportunities were applied through a systematization. Conclusions: participatory action research allowed professionals to determine what their current perception of their work environment is, individually they built possible solutions to obstacles in teamwork that could be put into practice collectively and thus be able to reassess in the future if it is It is necessary to pre-serve or modify actions since they are authors and participate in the improvement actions[AU]

Prioritizing conservation efforts based on future habitat availability and accessibility under climate change.

The potential for species to shift their ranges to avoid extinction is contingent on the future availability and accessibility of habitats with analogous climates. To develop conservation strategies, many previous researchers used a single method that considered individual factors; a few combined 2 factors. Primarily, these studies focused on identifying climate refugia or climatically connected and spatially fixed areas, ignoring the range shifting process of animals. We quantified future habitat availability (based on species occurrence, climate data, land cover, and elevation) and accessibility (based on climate velocity) under climate change (4 scenarios) of migratory birds across the Yangtze River basin (YRB). Then, we assessed species' range-shift potential and identified conservation priority areas for migratory birds in the 2050s with a network analysis. Our results suggested that medium (i.e., 5-10 km/year) and high (i.e., ≥ 10 km/year) climate velocity would threaten 18.65% and 8.37% of stable habitat, respectively. Even with low (i.e., 0-5 km/year) climate velocity, 50.15% of climate-velocity-identified destinations were less available than their source habitats. Based on our integration of habitat availability and accessibility, we identified a few areas of critical importance for conservation, mainly in Sichuan and the middle to lower reaches of the YRB. Overall, we identified the differences between habitat availability and accessibility in capturing biological responses to climate change. More importantly, we accounted for the dynamic process of species' range shifts, which must be considered to identify conservation priority areas. Our method informs forecasting of climate-driven distribution shifts and conservation priorities.

Priorizar los esfuerzos de conservación en función de la disponibilidad y accesibilidad futura de hábitats ante el cambio climático Resumen El potencial de las especies para desplazar sus rangos y evitar la extinción depende de la disponibilidad y accesibilidad futura de hábitats con climas análogos. Para desarrollar estrategias de conservación, muchos investigadores anteriores utilizaron un solo método que consideraba factores individuales; algunos combinaron 2 factores. Principalmente, estos estudios se centraron en identificar refugios climáticos o áreas climáticamente conectadas y espacialmente fijas, ignorando el proceso de desplazamiento de rangos de los animales. Cuantificamos la disponibilidad futura de hábitats (basada en la presencia de especies, datos climáticos, cobertura terrestre y elevación) y la accesibilidad (basada en la velocidad climática) bajo el cambio climático (4 escenarios) de aves migratorias en la cuenca del río Yangtsé (YRB). Luego, evaluamos el potencial de desplazamiento de rangos de las especies e identificamos áreas prioritarias de conservación para las aves migratorias en la década de 2050 mediante un análisis de redes. Nuestros resultados sugieren que una velocidad climática media (es decir, 5−10 km/año) y alta (es decir, ≥ 10 km/año) amenazarían el 18.65% y el 8.37% del hábitat estable, respectivamente. Incluso con una velocidad climática baja (es decir, 0−5 km/año), el 50.15% de los destinos identificados por la velocidad climática eran menos disponibles que sus hábitats de origen. Basándonos en nuestra integración de la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de hábitats, identificamos algunas áreas de importancia crítica para la conservación, principalmente en Sichuan y en las partes media e inferior del YRB. En general, identificamos las diferencias entre la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de hábitats en la captura de respuestas biológicas al cambio climático. Más importante aún, tuvimos en cuenta el proceso dinámico de los desplazamientos de rangos de especies, lo cual debe considerarse para identificar áreas prioritarias de conservación. Nuestro método contribuye a la predicción de cambios en la distribución impulsados por el clima y las prioridades de conservación.

Improving climate and biodiversity outcomes through restoration of forest integrity.

Targeting degraded areas in forested landscapes for restoration could deliver rapid climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation, improve resilience of forested lands to future climate change, and potentially reduce the trade-offs between nature recovery and agriculture. Although the importance of forest restoration for climate mitigation is acknowledged, current estimates of its climate mitigation potential may be underestimated because they focus predominantly on reforesting cleared areas. We built on recent analyses of forest integrity and unrealized forest biomass potential to examine the potential for restoring the integrity of degraded forests. There are over 1.5 billion ha of forests worldwide that retain 50-80% of their potential biomass. Prioritizing restoration in these areas could deliver rapid biodiversity and climate mitigation benefits, relative to restoring forest on cleared land. We applied a spatial planning approach to demonstrate how restoration interventions can be targeted to support the conservation of high-integrity forest, a potential pathway to the delivery of the 30×30 goal of the Convention on Biodiversity's Global Biodiversity Framework.

Mejoras en los resultados climáticos y de biodiversidad mediante la restauración de la integridad forestal Resumen El enfoque en las áreas degradadas de los paisajes boscosos para la restauración podría generar una mitigación climática y conservación de la biodiversidad aceleradas, mejorar la resiliencia de los terrenos boscosos ante el cambio climático en el futuro y potencialmente reducir las compensaciones entre la recuperación de la naturaleza y la agricultura. Aunque se reconoce la importancia de la restauración forestal para la mitigación climática, las estimaciones actuales de su potencial de mitigación podrían estar subestimados pues se enfocan principalmente en reforestar áreas despejadas. Partimos de los análisis recientes de la integridad forestal y el potencial sin realizar de la biomasa forestal para analizar el potencial para restaurar la integridad de los bosques degradados. Hay más de 1.5 mil millones de hectáreas de bosque en todo el mundo que retienen el 50-80% de su biomasa potencial. Si se prioriza la restauración en estas áreas, se podrían generar beneficios acelerados de mitigación climática y de la biodiversidad en relación a la reforestación en áreas despejadas. Aplicamos un enfoque de planeación espacial para demostrar cómo las intervenciones de restauración pueden enfocarse para auxiliar en la conservación de bosques de gran integridad, una vía potencial para lograr el objetivo 30×30 del Marco Global para la Biodiversidad del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica.

Psychosocial resources underlying disaster survivors' posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories: insight from in-depth interviews with mothers who survived Hurricane Katrina.

Background: Weather-related disasters, including hurricanes, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. Vulnerable populations, such as people with low income and racial and ethnic minorities, are particularly prone to increased levels of physical harm and psychiatric adversity from weather-related events.Objectives: We aimed to explore psychosocial resources and coping of survivors with three different posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) trajectories (High-Decreasing, Moderate-Decreasing, and High-Stable), after Hurricane Katrina across two different time points: F1 (1-year post-disaster) and F3 (12 years post-disaster).Method: Participants in this multi-method study were part of a larger cohort of the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) project. Transcripts of interviews completed at the two time points were analysed using two qualitative methods, combining thematic analysis and narrative analysis, and providing both breadth of perspectives with the depth of specific case studies.Results: Sixteen survivors completed interviews at both F1 and F3. From our in-depth analysis of the data, we derived five inductive themes: 'Hope,' 'Adaptive vs maladaptive avoidance,' 'Emotional delay,' 'Acceptance, Finding Meaning and Being in the Moment,' and 'Coping strategies.' Survivors with High-Decreasing and Moderate-Decreasing PTSS trajectories experienced hope for future, accepted the hurricane and its results, and found efficient ways to cope with their situation. Survivors with High-Stable PTSS trajectories tended to express a lack of hope for future and struggled to be mindful and accept the hurricane and its harm. Unlike survivors with High-Decreasing and Moderate-Decreasing PTSS trajectories, survivors with High-Stable PTSS trajectories also reported less social and family support and faced more discrimination and racism.Conclusion: There are factors beyond individual-level psychosocial resources that may shape post-disaster resilience. When supporting survivors after a weather-related disaster, it is essential to provide ongoing psychological, financial, and physical assistance to bolster these resources.

After Hurricane Katrina, survivors with different posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories reported different levels of hope, mindfulness, and willingness to talk about the hurricane, emotional processing, and coping strategies.These experiences varied over time for survivors in all three trajectories.Survivors who report ongoing high levels of symptoms should be offered additional support to bolster these psychosocial resources.

Relación entre factores meteorológicos y número y gravedad de crisis asmáticas atendidas en urgencias / Association between meteorological factors and frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations attended in the pediatric emergency room

Introducción: la influencia del clima en las exacerbaciones asmáticas ha sido demostrada, pero los estudios que analizan la relación de los diferentes factores meteorológicos con la crisis asmática en Pediatría son limitados. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre varios factores meteorológicos y las crisis asmáticas en una población pediátrica de un hospital de tercer nivel situado en una región con clima oceánico. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes de 1 a 16 años atendidos en urgencias por crisis asmática, durante un periodo de cinco años. Se recogió la edad, el sexo y la necesidad de ingreso hospitalario. Las variables meteorológicas (velocidad del viento, precipitaciones, radiación solar, temperatura, humedad relativa y presión barométrica) se obtuvieron del Centro de Investigación del Medio Ambiente (CIMA). Se analizó mediante regresión logística la relación de las variables meteorológicas con el número de visitas a urgencias y el porcentaje de ingresos por crisis asmática. Resultados: se identificaron 8534 visitas a urgencias por crisis asmática, con un pico de incidencia en septiembre. Se obtuvo una relación inversa estadísticamente significativa de la radiación solar y las precipitaciones con el número de visitas a urgencias y el porcentaje de ingresos. Conclusiones: este estudio, realizado en una región de clima oceánico, confirma el patrón estacional ya descrito previamente para las exacerbaciones asmáticas. Se evidencia asociación inversa estadísticamente significativa entre las precipitaciones y la radiación solar con el número de visitas a urgencias y el porcentaje de ingresos por crisis asmáticas (AU)

Object: the influence of climate on asthma exacerbations has already been demonstrated but the studies that analyze the association between different meteorological factors and acute asthma exacerbation in pediatric patients are limited. The aim of the present study is determining association between some meteorological conditions and asthma exacerbations in children in a third level referral Academic Hospital located in an oceanic-climate area.Methods: we conducted a descriptive and retrospective study in 1 to 16 years old patients presenting with an asthma attack in the emergency department, during a 5-year period. Data about age, sex and the need for hospital admission were collected. Meteorological data (wind speed, rain, sunlight, temperature, humidity and barometric pressure) were obtained from the Environmental Research Center. The number of emergency department visits and percentage of hospital admissions were correlated to meteorological factors using logistic regression analysis.Results: a total of 8534 asthma exacerbations were attended in the emergency department with a peak incidence in September. It was found that sunlight and rain were significantly and inversely correlated with emergency department visits and percentage of hospital admissions.Conclusions: this study, conducted in an oceanic-climate area, confirms the previously described seasonal pattern for asthma exacerbations. We probe a statistically significant and inverse correlation between rain and sunlight and the number of emergency department visits for asthma and percentage of hospital admissions due to asthma attack. (AU)

Divergent effects of climate change on the egg-laying opportunity of species in cold and warm regions.

Climate warming can substantially impact embryonic development and juvenile growth in oviparous species. Estimating the overall impacts of climate warming on oviparous reproduction is difficult because egg-laying events happen throughout the reproductive season. Successful egg laying requires the completion of embryonic development as well as hatching timing conducive to offspring survival and energy accumulation. We propose a new metric-egg-laying opportunity (EO)-to estimate the annual hours during which a clutch of freshly laid eggs yields surviving offspring that store sufficient energy for overwintering. We estimated the EO within the distribution of a model species, Sceloporus undulatus, under recent climate condition and a climate-warming scenario by combining microclimate data, developmental functions, and biophysical models. We predicted that EO will decline as the climate warms at 74.8% of 11,407 sites. Decreasing hatching success and offspring energy accounted for more lost EO hours (72.6% and 72.9%) than the occurrence of offspring heat stress (59.9%). Nesting deeper (at a depth of 12 cm) may be a more effective behavioral adjustment for retaining EO than using shadier (50% shade) nests because the former fully mitigated the decline of EO under the considered warming scenario at more sites (66.1%) than the latter (28.3%). We advocate for the use of EO in predicting the impacts of climate warming on oviparous animals because it encapsulates the integrative impacts of climate warming on all stages of reproductive life history.

Efectos divergentes del cambio climático sobre la oportunidad de desove de las especies en regiones cálidas y frías Resumen El calentamiento global puede tener un impacto considerable sobre el desarrollo embrionario y el crecimiento juvenil de las especies ovíparas. Es complicado estimar el impacto general que tiene el calentamiento global sobre la reproducción ovípara ya que los eventos de desove suceden durante la época reproductiva. El desove exitoso requiere que se complete el desarrollo embrionario y que el momento de eclosión sea favorable para la supervivencia de las crías y la acumulación de energía. Proponemos una nueva medida-oportunidad de desove (OD)-para estimar las horas anuales durante las cuales una puesta de huevos recién desovados produce crías que sobreviven y almacenan suficiente energía para invernar. Estimamos la OD dentro de un modelo de distribución de la especie Sceloporus undulatus bajo las recientes condiciones climáticas y bajo un escenario de calentamiento global mediante la combinación de datos microclimáticos, funciones del desarrollo y modelos biofísicos. Pronosticamos que la OD declinará conforme la temperatura aumente en 74.8% de los 11407 sitios. La disminución del éxito de eclosión y de la energía de las crías explicó más horas perdidas de OD (72.6% y 72.9%) que la presencia de estrés por calor en las crías (59.9%). Una anidación más profunda (a una profundidad de 12 cm) puede ser un ajuste conductual más efectivo para la retención de la OD que los nidos con mayor sombreado (50% de sombra) porque el primero mitigó por completo la declinación de la OD bajo el escenario de calentamiento en más sitios (66.1%) que el segundo ajuste (28.3%). Defendemos el uso de la OD en el pronóstico del impacto del calentamiento global sobre los animales ovíparos porque encapsula los impactos integrales que tiene el calentamiento global sobre todas las etapas de la vida reproductiva. 气候变化在寒冷和温暖地区对物种产卵机会造成不同影响.

Forecast-based action for conservation.

Extreme weather events pose an immediate threat to biodiversity, but existing conservation strategies have limitations. Advances in meteorological forecasting and innovation in the humanitarian sector provide a possible solution-forecast-based action (FbA). The growth of ecological forecasting demonstrates the huge potential to anticipate conservation outcomes, but a lack of operational examples suggests a new approach is needed to translate forecasts into action. FbA provides such a framework, formalizing the use of meteorological forecasts to anticipate and mitigate the impacts of extreme weather. Based on experience from the humanitarian sector, I suggest how FbA could work in conservation, demonstrating key concepts using the theoretical example of heatwave impacts on sea turtle embryo mortality, and address likely challenges in realizing FbA for conservation, including establishing a financing mechanism, allocating funds to actions, and decision-making under uncertainty. FbA will demand changes in conservation research, practice, and governance. Researchers must increase efforts to understand the impacts of extreme weather at more immediate and actionable timescales and should coproduce forecasts of such impacts with practitioners. International conservation funders should establish systems to fund anticipatory actions based on uncertain forecasts.

Acciones para la conservación basadas en pronósticos Resumen Los eventos climáticos extremos representan una amenaza inmediata para la biodiversidad, pero las estrategias actuales de conservación tienen limitantes. Los avances en los pronósticos meteorológicos y la innovación en el sector humanitario proporcionan una solución posible: las acciones basadas en pronósticos (ABP). El aumento en pronósticos ecológicos demuestra un enorme potencial para anticiparse a los resultados de la conservación, pero la falta de ejemplos operativos sugiere que se necesita una nueva estrategia para transformar los pronósticos en acciones. Las acciones basadas en pronósticos proporcionan este marco que formaliza el uso de pronósticos meteorológicos para anticipar y mitigar impacto del clima extremo. Con base en la experiencia del sector humanitario, hago una sugerencia de cómo las ABP podrían funcionar para la conservación mediante la demostración de conceptos clave usando el ejemplo teórico del impacto de las olas de calor sobre la mortalidad embrionaria de las tortugas marinas. También abordo los posibles retos para la conservación mediante la realización de las ABP, incluidos el establecimiento de mecanismos de financiamiento, la asignación de fondos para las acciones y la toma de decisiones durante la incertidumbre. Las ABP exigirán cambios en los investigación, práctica y gestión de la conservación. Los investigadores deben incrementar sus esfuerzos para entender el impacto del clima extremo a escalas temporales más inmediatas y viables. También deberán coproducir con los practicantes los pronósticos de dichos impactos. Los financiadores de la conservación internacional deberán establecer sistemas para financiar las acciones anticipadas con base en pronósticos inciertos.

Victims of dating violence in adolescence: the role of problematic use of social networks sites, loneliness, and family climate / Víctimas de violencia de pareja en la adolescencia: el papel del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, la soledad y el clima familia

La relación existente entre los contextos de socialización online-offline durante la adolescencia se ha convertido en un tema de investigación relevante en los últimos años, especialmente en el ámbito de la violencia de pareja. Para entender mejor este vínculo, el presente estudio analiza la relación entre la victmización en la violencia de pareja, el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, el sentimiento de soledad y el clima familiar, considerando el género de los adolescentes. Participaron 1020 adolescentes procedentes de Andalucía (49% chicos, M = 16.12; DT = .99). Se realizó un análisis por conglomerados que permitió establecer dos grupos (victimizados y no victimizados), un análisis multivariado de la varianza (2x2 MANOVA) utilizando sexo y violencia de pareja como variables independientes y análisis univariados de varianza para explorer las relaciones significativas detectadas. En los resultados se observó que los/las adolescentes víctimas de violencia de pareja obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas que las no víctimas en la adicción a las redes sociales virtuales, sentimiento de soledad y conflicto familiar, y puntuaciones más bajas en cohesión familiar. Las chicas victimizadas mostraron en general puntuaciones más bajas que los chicos victimizados. Los resultados obtenidos aportan información relevante y útil para la prevención de la violencia de pareja y el fomento de relaciones saludables en las primeras relaciones amorosas. Además, señalan la importancia de considerar el contexto online en la investigación acerca de la violencia en la adolescencia.(AU)

The relationship between online-offline socialization contexts during adolescence has become a relevant research topic in recent years, especially in the field of intimate partner violence. To better understand this association, the present study analyzes the relationship between dating violence (DV) victimization and the problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU), the feeling of loneliness, and the family climate, taking into account the adolescents' gender. 1020 adolescents from Andalusia participated (49% boys, M = 16.12, SD = .99). A cluster analysis, which established two groups (victimized and non-victimized), multivariate analysis of variance (2x2 MANOVA) using sex and DV as independent variables, and univariate analysis of variance to explore the significant relationships detected, were performed. The results showed that adolescent victims of DV obtained higher scores than non-victims in PSNSU, feelings of loneliness, and family conflict, and lower scores in family cohesion. Victimized girls generally showed lower scores than victimized boys. The results obtained provide relevant and useful information for the prevention of DV and the promotion of healthy relationships in early dating relationships. In addition, they point out the importance of considering the online context in research on violence in adolescence.(AU)

Relación entre la estación del año y la gravedad de los síntomas en pacientes con fibromialgia / Relationship between season of the year and severity of symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia

Antecedentes y objetivo: Es frecuente que los pacientes con fibromialgia refieran que ciertas estaciones del año agravan sus síntomas. Como objetivo primario se determinó la asociación entre síntomas claves de la fibromialgia y estación del año. Como objetivo secundario se determinó la existencia de diferencias en función de los niveles de ansiedad o depresión.Material y métodoMuestra de conveniencia formada por 471 participantes con fibromialgia evaluados antes de iniciar un tratamiento multidisciplinar. Se recogieron datos demográficos y meteorológicos y se evaluaron, mediante instrumentos estandarizados, la intensidad del dolor, la funcionalidad, la fatiga, la rigidez, la calidad del sueño, así como la ansiedad y la depresión.ResultadosLos diferentes grupos estacionales fueron homogéneos en edad, género, nivel educativo, estado marital y situación laboral. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en intensidad del dolor (F=1,334; p=0,265), funcionalidad (F=0,402; p=0,669), fatiga (F=0,714; p=0,490), rigidez (F=0,299; p=0,741), ansiedad (F=0,376; p=0,687), depresión (F=0,608; p=0,545), distrés psicológico (F=0,261; p=0,770), duración del sueño (F=1,507; p=0,223) o el índice de problemas de sueño (F=0,343; p=0,710).ConclusionesNo se han encontrado diferencias en la intensidad de los síntomas de la fibromialgia ni en los porcentajes de gravedad entre las distintas estaciones del año. La ansiedad ha sido más prevalente que la depresión, posiblemente debido a las propias características de la muestra, con mayoría de pacientes con perfil disfuncional. (AU)

Background and objective: Fibromyalgia patients often report that certain seasons aggravate their symptoms. The main objective was to determinate the association between key symptoms of fibromyalgia and the season of the year. A secondary objective was to determinate the existence of differences based on levels of anxiety or depression.Material and methodConvenience sample made up of 471 participants with fibromyalgia evaluated before starting multidisciplinary treatment. Demographic and meteorological data were collected. Clinical data were assessed with standardized instruments of pain intensity, functionality, fatigue, stiffness, sleep quality, anxiety and depression.ResultsThe different groups of participants were homogeneous for age, gender, educational level, marital status and employment situation. No significant differences were found in pain intensity (F=1.334; P=.265), functionality (F=.402; P=.669), fatigue (F=.714; P=.490), stiffness (F=.299; P=.741), anxiety (F=.376; P=.687), depression (F=.608; P=.545), psychological distress (F=.261; P=.770), sleep quantity (F=1.507; P=.223) or sleep disturbances (F=.343; P=.710).ConclusionsNo differences were found in the intensity of fibromyalgia symptoms, nor in the percentages of severity among the different seasons of the year. Anxiety was more prevalent than depression, possibly due to the characteristics of the sample itself, with the majority of patients with a dysfunctional profile. (AU)

[Relationship between season of the year and severity of symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia]. / Relación entre la estación del año y la gravedad de los síntomas en pacientes con fibromialgia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia patients often report that certain seasons aggravate their symptoms. The main objective was to determinate the association between key symptoms of fibromyalgia and the season of the year. A secondary objective was to determinate the existence of differences based on levels of anxiety or depression. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Convenience sample made up of 471 participants with fibromyalgia evaluated before starting multidisciplinary treatment. Demographic and meteorological data were collected. Clinical data were assessed with standardized instruments of pain intensity, functionality, fatigue, stiffness, sleep quality, anxiety and depression. RESULTS: The different groups of participants were homogeneous for age, gender, educational level, marital status and employment situation. No significant differences were found in pain intensity (F=1.334; P=.265), functionality (F=.402; P=.669), fatigue (F=.714; P=.490), stiffness (F=.299; P=.741), anxiety (F=.376; P=.687), depression (F=.608; P=.545), psychological distress (F=.261; P=.770), sleep quantity (F=1.507; P=.223) or sleep disturbances (F=.343; P=.710). CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found in the intensity of fibromyalgia symptoms, nor in the percentages of severity among the different seasons of the year. Anxiety was more prevalent than depression, possibly due to the characteristics of the sample itself, with the majority of patients with a dysfunctional profile.

Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil / Herbivoria e expansão foliar de Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) em Floresta Atlântica subtropical no sul do Brasil

Abstract Herbivory is an interaction with great impact on plant communities since relationships between herbivores and plants are fundamental to the distribution and abundance of species over time and space. The aim of this study was to monitor the rate of leaf expansion in the tree fern Cyathea phalerata and evaluate the damage caused by herbivores to leaves of different ages and whether such damage is related to temperature and precipitation. The study was performed in a subtropical Atlantic Forest fragment located in the municipality of Caraá, in the northeast hillside of Rio Grande do Sul state, in southern Brazil. We monitored 24 mature individuals of C. phalerata with croziers in a population of approximately 50 plants. Leaf expansion rate, percentage of damaged leaves and leaf blade consumption rate by herbivory were calculated. Monthly means for temperature and accumulated rainfall were calculated from daily data. Croziers of C. phalerata were found to expand rapidly during the first and second months after emergence (3.98 cm day-1; 2.91 cm day-1, respectively). Damage caused by herbivory was observed in all of the monitored leaves, but none of the plants experienced complete defoliation. The highest percentage (57%) of damaged leaves was recorded at 60 days of monitoring, and also the highest monthly consumption rate of the blade (6.04%) occurred with young, newly-expanded leaves, while this rate remained between 1.50 and 2.21% for mature leaves. Rates of monthly leaf consumption and damaged leaves showed positive and strong relationship with each other and with temperature. The rapid leaf expansion observed for C. phalerata can be considered a phenological strategy to reduce damage to young leaves by shortening the developmental period and accelerating the increase of defenses in mature leaves.

Resumo A herbivoria é uma interação de grande impacto sobre as comunidades de plantas, uma vez que as relações entre herbívoros e plantas são fundamentais para a distribuição e abundância das espécies ao longo do tempo e do espaço. O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar a taxa de expansão foliar da samambaia arborescente Cyathea phalerata e avaliar o dano causado por herbívoros a folhas de diferentes idades, assim como verificar se este dano está relacionado à temperatura e à precipitação. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica subtropical localizado no município de Caraá, na encosta nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no sul do Brasil. Nós monitoramos 24 indivíduos maduros de C. phalerata com báculos em uma população de aproximadamente 50 plantas. A taxa de expansão foliar, a porcentagem de folhas danificadas e a taxa de consumo da lâmina foliar por herbivoria foram calculados. Médias mensais de temperatura e precipitação acumulada foram calculadas a partir de dados diários. Báculos de C. phalerata expandiram rapidamente durante o primeiro e o segundo mês após emergência (3,98 cm dia-1; 2,91 cm dia-1, respectivamente). O dano causado por herbivoria foi observado em todas as folhas monitoradas, mas nenhuma das plantas sofreu desfolhação completa. A maior porcentagem (57%) de folhas danificadas foi registrada aos 60 dias de monitoramento, e também a maior taxa de consumo mensal (6,04%) ocorreu em folhas jovens, recém expandidas, enquanto esta taxa permaneceu entre 1,50 e 2,21% em folhas maduras. As taxas mensais de consumo da lâmina foliar e de folhas danificadas mostraram relação positiva e forte entre si e com a temperatura. A rápida expansão foliar observada em C. phalerata pode ser considerada uma estratégia fenológica para reduzir o dano a folhas jovens, abreviando o período de desenvolvimento e acelerando o aumento das defesas em folhas maduras.

Report of human fascioliasis under different climatic conditions in Brazil / Registro de fasciolose humana em diferentes condições climáticas no Brasil / Registro de fascioliasis humana bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas en Brasil

Introduction: Human fascioliasis is a plant-borne and water-borne infection caused by the trematodes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. It is one of the main neglected tropical diseases, and infections in humans occur via the ingestion of contaminated water and food. This study reviews all the recorded cases of human fascioliasis in Brazil under different climatic conditions in the national territory. Methodology:A survey of human fascioliasis cases in Brazil was carried out using the Google Scholar, Lilacs and PubMed databases. The climatic variables such as temperature, precipitation, moisture and altitude were obtained from the database of the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Results: Between the years 1958 and 2022, sixty-six cases of human fascioliasis were recorded in places with temperature levels between 22 °C to 33 °C, humidity 78% to 86%, precipitation 90 mm to 167 mm, and at an altitude of 16 to 935 meters above sea level. Conclusion: The parasite's ability to adapt to different climatic conditions is observed in Brazil and the number of cases of human fascioliasis in the national territory may be higher due to underreporting related to the difficulty in diagnosing the infection.

Introdução: A fasciolíase humana é uma infecção de origem vegetal e hídrica, causada pelos trematódeos Fasciola hepatica e Fasciola gigantica. É uma das principais doenças tropicais negligenciadas, e as infecções em humanos ocorrem através da ingestão de água e alimentos contaminados. Este estudo revisa todos os casos registrados de fasciolíase humana no Brasil sob diferentes condições climáticas no território nacional. Metodologia: Um levantamento dos casos de fasciolíase humana no Brasil foi realizado nas bases de dados Google Scholar, Lilacs e PubMed. As variáveis climáticas como temperatura, precipitação, umidade e altitude foram obtidas do banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Resultados: Entre os anos de 1958 e 2022, sessenta e seis casos de fasciolíase humana foram registrados em locais com níveis de temperatura entre 22 °C a 33 °C, umidade de 78% a 86%, precipitação de 90 mm a 167 mm e altitude de 16 a 935 metros acima do nível do mar. Conclusão: A capacidade de adaptação do parasito a diferentes condições climáticas é observada no Brasil e o número de casos de fasciolíase humana no território nacional pode ser maior devido à subnotificação relacionada à dificuldade de diagnóstico da infecção.

Introducción: La fascioliasis humana es una infección de origen vegetal y acuático, causada por los trematodos Fasciola hepatica y Fasciola gigantica. Es una de las principales enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, y las infecciones en humanos ocurren a través de la ingestión de agua y alimentos contaminados. Este estudio revisa todos los casos registrados de fascioliasis humana en Brasil bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas en el territorio nacional. Metodología: Se realizó una encuesta de casos de fascioliasis humana en Brasil utilizando las bases de datos Google Scholar, Lilacs y PubMed. Las variables climáticas como temperatura, precipitación, humedad y altitud se obtuvieron de la base de datos del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INMET). Resultados: Entre los años 1958 y 2022 se registraron sesenta y seis casos de fascioliasis humana en lugares con temperatura entre 22 °C a 33 °C, humedad entre 78% y 86%, precipitación entre 90 mm y 167 mm y una altitud de 16 a 935 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Conclusión: La capacidad de adaptación del parásito a diferentes condiciones climáticas se observa en Brasil y el número de casos de fascioliasis humana en el territorio nacional puede ser mayor debido al subregistro relacionado con la dificultad en el diagnóstico de la infección.

Effects of air temperature on the risk of death from COPD in major microregions in Brazil: a time series study / Efeitos da temperatura do ar no risco de morte por DPOC nas principais microrregiões do Brasil: um estudo de séries temporais

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between the risk of death from COPD and air temperature events in ten major Brazilian microregions. Methods: This was a time series analysis of daily COPD deaths and daily mean air temperatures between 1996 and 2017. Using distributed nonlinear lag models, we estimated the cumulative relative risks of COPD mortality for four temperature percentiles (representing moderate and extreme cold and heat events) in relation to a minimum mortality temperature, with a lag of 21 days, in each microregion. Results: Significant associations were found between extreme air temperature events and the risk of death from COPD in the southern and southeastern microregions in Brazil. There was an association of extreme cold and an increased mortality risk in the following microregions: 36% (95% CI, 1.12-1.65), in Porto Alegre; 27% (95% CI, 1.03-1.58), in Curitiba; and 34% (95% CI, 1.19-1.52), in São Paulo; whereas moderate cold was associated with an increased risk of 20% (95% CI, 1.01-1.41), 33% (95% CI, 1.09-1.62), and 24% (95% CI, 1.12-1.38) in the same microregions, respectively. There was an increased COPD mortality risk in the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro microregions: 17% (95% CI, 1.05-1.31) and 12% (95% CI, 1,02-1,23), respectively, due to moderate heat, and 23% (95% CI, 1,09-1,38) and 32% (95% CI, 1,15-1,50) due to extreme heat. Conclusions: Non-optimal air temperature events were associated with an increased risk of death from COPD in tropical and subtropical areas of Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o risco de morte por DPOC e eventos de temperatura do ar em dez grandes microrregiões brasileiras. Métodos: Esta foi uma análise de série temporal de mortes diárias por DPOC e temperaturas médias diárias do ar entre 1996 e 2017. Utilizando modelos de defasagem não linear distribuídos, estimamos os riscos relativos cumulativos de mortalidade por DPOC para quatro percentis de temperatura (representando eventos moderados e extremos de frio e calor) em relação a uma temperatura mínima de mortalidade, com defasagem de 21 dias, em cada microrregião. Resultados: Foram encontradas associações significativas entre eventos extremos de temperatura do ar e o risco de morte por DPOC nas microrregiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Houve associação de frio extremo e aumento do risco de mortalidade nas seguintes microrregiões: 36% (IC 95%, 1,12-1,65), em Porto Alegre; 27% (IC 95%, 1,03-1,58), em Curitiba; e 34% (IC 95%, 1,19-1,52), em São Paulo; enquanto o frio moderado foi associado a um risco aumentado de 20% (IC 95%, 1,01-1,41), 33% (IC 95%, 1,09-1,62) e 24% (IC 95%, 1,12-1,38) nas mesmas microrregiões, respectivamente. Houve aumento do risco de mortalidade por DPOC nas microrregiões de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro: 17% (IC 95%, 1,05-1,31) e 12% (IC 95%, 1,02-1,23), respectivamente, devido ao calor moderado e 23% (IC 95%, 1,09-1,38) e 32% (IC 95%, 1,15-1,50) devido ao calor extremo. Conclusões: Eventos de temperatura do ar não ideal foram associados a um risco aumentado de morte por DPOC em áreas tropicais e subtropicais do Brasil.

Focalidad de Aedes aegypti e indicadores climáticos en Nueva Gerona Cuba (2006-2022)

Introducción: Las enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos resultan particularmente sensibles a las condiciones meteorológicas. Objetivo: Modelar la focalidad de Aedes aegypti e indicadores climáticos en Nueva Gerona, Cuba. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en el período de 2006 a 2022 en Nueva Gerona, Isla de la Juventud. Se empleó una curva de expectativa según meses y análisis de indicadores climáticos para establecer el momento más oportuno para acometer acciones de supresión vectorial. Una vez identificado, se procedió a la modelación espacial y al análisis del clima para el mismo período. Resultados: La curva de expectativa facilitó muestras de mayor focalidad de Aedes aegypti a partir del mes de junio, por lo que se definió el período de marzo a junio como el más oportuno para intensificar las acciones de supresión de la población vectorial. Los mapas mostraron varias zonas calientes en las que se encuentran involucrados con mayor riesgo los consejos populares de Pueblo Nuevo, Abel Santamaría, 26 de Julio y la localidad de Nazareno. Las precipitaciones acumuladas comenzaron en marzo (24,3 mm), abril (55,4 mm), mayo (163,4 mm) y junio (393,8 mm). Las temperaturas y la humedad relativa incrementaron de un mes a otro. Predominaron los vientos del Este. Conclusiones: La modelación de la focalidad de Aedes aegypti definió temporo-espacialmente y como sistema de alerta temprana que el período entre marzo y junio constituía el más oportuno para la realización de las acciones que llevarían hacia la supresión vectorial, a tenor del comportamiento de indicadores climáticos que ejercieron efectos favorecedores sobre la infestación.

Introduction: Mosquito-borne diseases are particularly sensitive to weather conditions. Objective: To model Aedes aegypti focality and climate indicators in Nueva Gerona, Cuba. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 2006 to 2022 in Nueva Gerona, Isla de la Juventud. An expectation curve by months and analysis of climate indicators was used to decide on the most appropriate moment to undertake vector suppression actions. Once identified, spatial modeling and weather analysis were carried out for the same period. Results: The expectation curve provided evidence of greater Aedes aegypti focality from June onwards; therefore, the period from March to June was defined as the most appropriate to intensify vector population suppression actions. The maps showed several hot spots with the highest risk that include the people's councils of Pueblo Nuevo, Abel Santamaría, 26 de Julio and the locality of Nazareno. Cumulative rainfall began in March (24.3 mm), April (55.4 mm), May (163.4 mm) and June (393.8 mm). Temperatures and relative humidity increased by month. Easterly winds predominated. Conclusions: Modeling Aedes aegypti focality defined temporo-spatially and as an early warning system that the period between March and June were the most appropriate for conducting vector suppression actions, based on climate indicators that exerted favoring effects on infestation.

Financiamento climático: eficácia institucional do Fundo Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima / Financiación climática: eficacia institucional del fondo nacional para el cambio climático / Climate financing: institutional effectiveness of the national fund on climate change

Resumo Atualmente há amplo consenso científico sobre a emergência climática. As organizações públicas têm intensificado ações de mitigação e adaptação, conduzindo financiamentos climáticos por meio de fundos nacionais do clima. Em 2009, foi instituído no Brasil o Fundo Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima (FNMC). As análises sobre financiamento climático se intensificaram a partir de 2020, mas ainda há poucos estudos empíricos documentando as experiências sobre esses fundos. Este artigo contribui para essa lacuna, analisando a eficácia institucional do FNMC mediante pesquisa documental, no período de 2009 a 2020, considerando 21 indicadores distribuídos em cinco dimensões. Identificar quais são os principais desafios para a eficácia institucional do FNMC é importante, pois a sua capacidade e continuidade colaboram com as metas internacionais assumidas pelo Brasil para redução de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) e fortalecem os estudos e investimentos em projetos sobre mudança do clima. Os resultados revelam grande fragilidade na eficácia institucional do FNMC, visto que, nenhuma dimensão tem atendimento satisfatório em todos os seus indicadores, sendo a mobilização de recursos e sustentabilidade o principal desafio para o FNMC.

Resumen Actualmente existe un amplio consenso científico sobre la emergencia climática. Las organizaciones públicas han intensificado las acciones de mitigación y adaptación llevando a cabo la financiación climática a través de fondos nacionales del clima. En 2009, fue instituido en el Brasil el Fondo Nacional sobre el Cambio Climático (FNMC). La investigación sobre financiación climática se ha intensificado desde 2020, pero todavía hay pocos estudios empíricos sobre estos fondos. Este artículo contribuye a este vacío analizando la eficacia institucional del FNMC a través de la investigación documental, en el período de 2009 a 2020, considerando 21 indicadores distribuidos en cinco dimensiones. Identificar los principales desafíos a la eficacia institucional del FNMC es importante, ya que su capacidad y continuidad colaboran con las metas internacionales asumidas por Brasil para la reducción de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y fortalecen los estudios e inversiones en proyectos de cambio climático. Los resultados revelan una gran fragilidad en la eficacia institucional del FNMC, ya que ninguna dimensión tiene una asistencia satisfactoria en todos sus indicadores, constituyendo la movilización de recursos y la sostenibilidad los principales desafíos para el FNMC.

Abstract There is broad scientific consensus about the climate emergency. Governments have intensified mitigation and adaptation actions by conducting climate finance through national climate funds. In 2009, the National Fund on Climate Change (FNMC) was established in Brazil. Analyzes on climate finance have intensified after 2020, and there are few empirical studies on these funds. This article contributes to this gap by analyzing the institutional effectiveness of the FNMC through desk research in the period from 2009 to 2020, considering 21 indicators distributed in five dimensions. This study identifies the main challenges to the FNMC's institutional effectiveness, recognizing its importance in helping Brazil meet its commitment to international climate goals by reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), strengthening research, and increasing investments in climate change projects. The results reveal great fragility in the FNMC's institutional effectiveness. None of the five dimensions analyzed had all indicators satisfied, and resource mobilization and sustainability were identified as the main challenges to the FNMC's institutional effectiveness.

Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil / Herbivoria e expansão foliar de Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) em Floresta Atlântica subtropical no sul do Brasil

Herbivory is an interaction with great impact on plant communities since relationships between herbivores and plants are fundamental to the distribution and abundance of species over time and space. The aim of this study was to monitor the rate of leaf expansion in the tree fern Cyathea phalerata and evaluate the damage caused by herbivores to leaves of different ages and whether such damage is related to temperature and precipitation. The study was performed in a subtropical Atlantic Forest fragment located in the municipality of Caraá, in the northeast hillside of Rio Grande do Sul state, in southern Brazil. We monitored 24 mature individuals of C. phalerata with croziers in a population of approximately 50 plants. Leaf expansion rate, percentage of damaged leaves and leaf blade consumption rate by herbivory were calculated. Monthly means for temperature and accumulated rainfall were calculated from daily data. Croziers of C. phalerata were found to expand rapidly during the first and second months after emergence (3.98 cm day-¹; 2.91 cm day-¹, respectively). Damage caused by herbivory was observed in all of the monitored leaves, but none of the plants experienced complete defoliation. The highest percentage (57%) of damaged leaves was recorded at 60 days of monitoring, and also the highest monthly consumption rate of the blade (6.04%) occurred with young, newly-expanded leaves, while this rate remained between 1.50 and 2.21% for mature leaves. Rates of monthly leaf consumption and damaged leaves showed positive and strong relationship with each other and with temperature. The rapid leaf expansion observed for C. phalerata can be considered a phenological strategy to reduce damage to young leaves by shortening the developmental period and accelerating the increase of defenses in mature leaves.

A herbivoria é uma interação de grande impacto sobre as comunidades de plantas, uma vez que as relações entre herbívoros e plantas são fundamentais para a distribuição e abundância das espécies ao longo do tempo e do espaço. O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar a taxa de expansão foliar da samambaia arborescente Cyathea phalerata e avaliar o dano causado por herbívoros a folhas de diferentes idades, assim como verificar se este dano está relacionado à temperatura e à precipitação. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica subtropical localizado no município de Caraá, na encosta nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no sul do Brasil. Nós monitoramos 24 indivíduos maduros de C. phalerata com báculos em uma população de aproximadamente 50 plantas. A taxa de expansão foliar, a porcentagem de folhas danificadas e a taxa de consumo da lâmina foliar por herbivoria foram calculados. Médias mensais de temperatura e precipitação acumulada foram calculadas a partir de dados diários. Báculos de C. phalerata expandiram rapidamente durante o primeiro e o segundo mês após emergência (3,98 cm dia-¹; 2,91 cm dia-¹, respectivamente). O dano causado por herbivoria foi observado em todas as folhas monitoradas, mas nenhuma das plantas sofreu desfolhação completa. A maior porcentagem (57%) de folhas danificadas foi registrada aos 60 dias de monitoramento, e também a maior taxa de consumo mensal (6,04%) ocorreu em folhas jovens, recém expandidas, enquanto esta taxa permaneceu entre 1,50 e 2,21% em folhas maduras. As taxas mensais de consumo da lâmina foliar e de folhas danificadas mostraram relação positiva e forte entre si e com a temperatura. A rápida expansão foliar observada em C. phalerata pode ser considerada uma estratégia fenológica para reduzir o dano a folhas jovens, abreviando o período de desenvolvimento e acelerando o aumento das defesas em folhas maduras.